Nakba, Naksa, Nahda : mémoire et histoire de la Palestine

1903-2003

Dr. Bichara Khader

Abstract:

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During this last century, the history of Palestine has been a long tumultuous river made of tears, blood and exile, the fact of the duplicity of the British (since the Balfour declaration 1917), the transfer of guilt from the Western countries after 1945, the betrayal of certain Arabian leaders (before and after the independence) and above all a colonial Zionist ideology born with the political Zionism (first Zionist congress at Bâle in 1897) up to the 2nd government of Sharon (2003). The fact that there have been, throughout time, a number of Jews released, courageous, dissidents who had denounced military and segregationist deviations of the real Zionism (of Ahad Haam not long ago to Uri Avnery today) does not change the situation : the observation of the historical facts after a century and the modifications that the geographical map of Israel has suffered after its creation (15 May 1948) are there in order to prove the effect, always renewed, of an expanding Zionism. With such a situation, there is no doubt that a great catastrophe (Nakba) has fallen upon Palestine (since the Balfour declaration, up to the resolution of partition/cutting off of Palestine in 1947, ending with the establishment of Israel in 1948), and eventually that other major defeat in 1967 (Naksa).

However, that is undoubtedly one of the History's surprises : the Palestinians were broken into pieces and thrown out to the roads of exile. Zionism would have liked them to disappear from their sight forever, to erase their memory - history and physical geography - or to drown them into the " Arabic ocean ". They come to life again, more visible than ever, on the one hand with the Keffieh man (Palestinian resistant), on the other the Palestinian of the occupied territories who revolt (here the origin of the Arabic word: Intifadah, which means uprising, revolt) that at the same time offer the olive branch of peace to their oppressors. This emergence of invisibility and anonymity is the Nahda.

I would like to outline, on the one hand, the attempts and projects of the Zionist leaders, before and after the foundation of Israel, to hide, to deeply bury the Palestinian memory and to present Zionism under the glitter of a protective Messianism. On the other hand, I shall do a research on the Israeli and Palestinian politologues and historians who, for thirty years, have been working in another historical writing, thus masterfully contributing to banish the Palestinian memory hidden in the drawings of the victor's official history. Lastly, I would like to highlight how important it is to Palestinians to revive the memory without letting it mislead them, that is to say, to overcome the grief of the past in order to write the pages of a shared future.

Amazigh en Marruecos: entre el asociacionismo y las reivindicaciones

Massimo di Ricco

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At present, Morocco is living in the shadows of a strong contrast between the Arab component and the indigenous Berber population. Through a series of interviews in situ, it has been possible to outline how the Berber civil society is organized and is currently promoting its own culture in order to protect it from oblivion. A civil society that, although involved in a national protest movement, is internally confronted, contradicting itself, with huge question marks and strong feelings.

Women and oral literature at the Berbes: the kabyle example

Tassadit Yacine

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It is difficult to encircle culturally a vast universe like that of the Berber descendants of old Libyques closed to Hérodote. The obstacle comes from the vastness of the territory which is extended from Siwa (in Egypt), passing by Lybie, Tunisia, Algerie, Morocco, the Saharan areas (Algerian Hoggar) and sub-Saharan (border areas in particular Mali and Niger) bordering with these territories where Touaregs and Reguibat get nomad at this very vast area. In a very remote time of their history (several millenia) these populations practised Berber speeches with lexical or phonetic alternatives from one area to the other. A historical lighting, can help us to understand the reasons which directly or indirectly - since the phenicians - were at the origin of the loss of this culture marking, undoubtedly, an identity.

Costs of the growth

The example of Tarragona in half of the XX century

Enric Baixeras i Sastre

Abstract:

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From the past, the societies have coveted the growth, and they have hurry up to raise the economy in each place. They have studied city plans, they have established measures and there have supply productive devices; sometimes with utility; others without luck. However, there where finally a powerful economic structure has arisen, the motors of the growth continue working; only it is necessary to have cures of feeding them.
The cities grow up in the measurement that attract new residents. This ones appear in knowing job and business opportunities, or good environmental qualities.
The growth is of better benefit (and it saves of sacrifices to the weakest) when it comes slowed down. But, sometimes, it hurries. Then, someone enters to subordinate everything and everybody to the interest of the profit, althought could be in danger the life of the gold eggs chicken. Without sanity, they forbid the field, the natural resources are distributed between them and exhaust the sources on the shortest time. They leave the air that we breath all dirty and destroy the Earth that supports us.